TLR3, TLR7, melanoma differentiation-associated protein (MDA5), or retinoic acid-inducible gene RIG-I, could elevate baseline interferon signaling, particularly type III interferon responses at epithelial barriers, maintaining partial activation of interferon-stimulated genes without overt inflammation
Specifically, activation of the TRPA1 receptor could be significant in several pathological situations given that it is known to be stimulated by a multitude of environmental irritants (including constituents of air pollution and burning vegetation), as well as endogenous products of oxidation which can be generated in the airways by inhalation of pollutants or during inflammation (Bessac et al., 2008
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[2] In the European Union, most tobacco warnings are standardised
The growing belief that vaping could be worse than smoking may eventually impact public health messaging and enforcement