2023 census cigarette smoking behaviour by ethnicity regional council Major disparities in rates based on ethnicity, income and sexual orientation: Surgeon general Socioeconomic Disparities in E-Cigarette Use:

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In surveys by the Office for National Statistics, smokers score worse than the population as a whole on every mental wellbeing indicator

Herzog, C

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: the spectrum of clinical disease

This discrepancy argues against a straightforward smoking-cessation explanation and instead points towards healthy switcher bias that is, former smokers who successfully transitioned to e-cigarettes may represent a systematically healthier subgroup with unmeasured advantages in terms of health motivation, body weight, and healthcare engagement