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Nevertheless, the article (and the press release) states that "social smoking" is a "Major Cardiovascular Risk Factor", when it is more likely that the "social smokers" played down how much they really smoke in the questionnaires because of the stigma (participants were recruited from participants in health surveys, which means a biased sample with high representation of smokers who are aware of the health risks of smoking)

Another study by the American Diabetes Association showed that former smokers had better blood sugar control and needed lower doses of insulin or diabetes medication compared to those who continued smoking

doi: 10.1038/s42255-023-00850-7 105 van GestelJVlamakisHKolterR

Archived from the original on 11 May 2008

The percentage of unemployed individuals, such as students and housewives, was the highest among non-smokers and dual users, but the percentage of white-collar workers was the highest among e-smokers and c-smokers