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The body can also convert tryptophanan amino acidto nicotinamide

doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02879-7 377 WeinhausB.HomanS.KincaidM.TadwalkarA.GuX.KumarS.et al

Assay: GSH/GSSG in mice serum

Further in vitro studies have shown that IAA can promote epithelial cell proliferation and enhance tight junction repair by activating the AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway, thereby counteracting LPS-induced epithelial injury and preventing LPS-driven systemic inflammation 168

Preclinical Studies in Diabetic Experimental Models Concerning diabetic retinopathy, in vivo studies in diabetic rats demonstrated that long-term administration of ALA exerts inhibitory effects on the development of diabetic retinopathy through inhibition of the accumulation of oxidatively modified DNA, indicating that ALA supplementation as adjunctive therapy may help prevent vision damage in patients with diabetes [64]