While clinical trial data are impressive, individual results vary considerably based on baseline weight, adherence to lifestyle measures, genetic factors, and coexisting medical conditions
Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Cheng Kung University (A-EX-106-013)
Experimental studies in animals provide additional insight: GLP-1 analogs increased testosterone synthesis and improved sperm mitochondrial integrity in diabetic and obese models
20 Possible mechanisms are: natriuresis, due to increased atrial natriuretic peptide secretion, GLP-1R activation in the proximal nephron tubule and Na + /H + transporter inhibition (which reduces sodium reabsorption), as well as vasodilation due to nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation (endothelial GLP-1R activation) and direct effects on smooth muscle cells GLP-1R
A clinician will assess medical history, metabolic health, treatment tolerance, and long-term goals before recommending the most suitable option