All described studies evaluating small intestinal permeability used a 5 or 6 h urinary collection to assess small intestinal permeability, which may have confounded the results since a large amount of the sugars were probably already localized in the colon by the end of the urine collection (33)
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For other parenteral routes such as subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, the bioavailability may still be close to 100 % for most therapeutic drugs (F = 0.751), since little or no significant metabolism of the drug occurs in the skin or muscle and these small molecules (MW 0 min) compared to the intravenous route