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ACE2 Expression in the GI Tract The gastrointestinal system serves as a key target for SARS-CoV-2 due to its robust expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors

EVs, extracellular vesicles

Therefore, reducing the number of bacteria that produce SCFAs disrupts the balance of metabolites produced by the intestinal microbiota, affecting their impact on the kidneys

By blocking TLR4/Myd88 signaling, the number of goblet cells in the intestinal mucosa can be restored, and the expression of tight junction proteins can be increased, thereby restoring the structure and function of the intestinal barrier

Limitations on COVID-19 treatment in G6PD-deficient patients