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The micro-injuries created by microneedling allow for deeper penetration of the copper peptides into the skin, where they can exert a more potent effect on the underlying tissue

The pH, temperature, and presence of other interacting molecules in the target tissue can affect the stability of the peptide-copper complex

Scientists are studying how peptides interact with growth hormone-releasing pathways, pituitary function, and neuroendocrine feedback mechanisms to better understand their roles in hormonal research

10.1038/nrdp.2017.71 146 HarlanB

This effect was associated with the upregulation of fibrosis-related genes VIM (Fig