By targeting key pathwaysincluding gut microbiota homeostasis, HPA axis function, neuroinflammation, and brain plasticityVNS demonstrates potential to mitigate PD progression across multiple systems
Anti-apoptotic protein upregulation Bcl-2 family regulation: Balance between pro-apoptotic (Bax, Bad, Bid) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1) Bcl-2 family members determines cell survival versus death
Follow your doctors instructions for dose adjustments
I think this is important to document these vast conflicts of interest, but I also understand that reading it can have a somnolent effect (trust me, I understand - so can the research that goes into writing this section!) So Ive done three things to try to help: 1
Semaglutides patent protection in Canada expired in January 2026