The organic compounds and heavy metals in PM trigger cellular sensing mechanisms, such as interleukin (IL)-17A/IKK and ROS/NF-kB through toll-like receptors (TLRs) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), effectively stimulating the secretion of pleiotropic pro-inflammatory factor thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by airway epithelial cells, to activate the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response successively ( Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the core cells of the innate immune system
5.3.1 Probiotics Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host when administered in the right amounts (Hill et al., 2014)
Each of these factors are regulated at the epigenetic to protein level
Juneja K, Bhuchakra HP, Sadhukhan S, Mehta I, Niharika A, Thareja S, Nimmakayala T, Sahu S
Soy isoflavones and cholecalciferol reduce inflammation, and gut permeability, without any effect on antioxidant capacity in irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized clinical trial