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Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-encompassing exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like particles, and apoptotic bodies-serve as key intercellular mediators that inhibit ferroptosis through activation of the Nrf2 pathway and subsequent upregulation of the antioxidant gene SLC7A11 (90)

WHO issues global guideline on the use of GLP-1 medicines in treating obesity [Internet]

They suggested that the mechanism of this long-term effect may inform prevention and treatment strategies driven by L-carnitine and its derivatives[]

It serves as a primary defense mechanism

Numerous studies underscore their capacity to downregulate lipogenic transcription factors (such as SREBP-1c and ChREBP), activate lipid oxidation pathways via AMPK and PPAR, enhance mitochondrial function, and reinforce antioxidant defenses through upregulation of Nrf2-mediated gene expression