Key benefits include: Bypasses GI absorption barriers
Cellular repair networks linking oxidative defense, collagen synthesis, and immune modulation
Ali highlighted that when patients are taking these weight loss medications, they should also implement measures to reduce muscle loss
Other risk factors that may increase vulnerability include: Long duration of diabetes (typically more than 10 years) Poor glycaemic control prior to starting GLP-1 therapy (HbA1c significantly above target) Rapid reduction in HbA1c (a drop of more than 2 percentage points [22 mmol/mol] within 36 months) Concurrent hypertension , especially if poorly controlled Diabetic kidney disease (nephropathy), which often correlates with retinopathy severity Previous history of retinal treatment (laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injections) People with type 2 diabetes but no retinopathy appear to have minimal risk of retinopathy progression based on current evidence
Hepatic mRNA abundance (relative to Actb ) for genes associated with ( K ) hepatic gluconeogenesis ( Gck , G6p , Pck , Gsk3 , and Pygl ) and ( L ) insulin signaling ( Gcgr , Igf , and Igf1r ) in Dpp4 GFP ( n = 4) and Dpp4 hep/ ( n = 11) mice
