GLP-1 receptors in blood vessels may mediate direct protective effects
4,5 Dietary insufficiency, pernicious anemia (i.e., an autoimmune process that reduces available intrinsic factor and subsequent absorption of vitamin B 12 1,2,6,7 ), and long-term use of metformin or acid-suppressing medications have been implicated in B 12 deficiency
Zepbound (for weight management and obstructive sleep apnea) and Mounjaro (for type 2 diabetes) are both made by Eli Lilly, FDA-approved, and tested for purity, strength, and sterility
However, there have been relatively few studies on the mechanism of GLP-1RAs in the treatment of chronic pain
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar, appetite, and metabolism