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P-gp can transport drugs and chemicals with a variety of molecular structures, but all are hydrophobic and amphipathic, such as anticancer, immunosuppressive, and cardioprotective drugs, as well as steroids and lipid-lowering agents [48,49]

In conclusion, the aforementioned research indicates that PCs can mitigate oxidative stress associated with aging skin by neutralizing ROS accumulation, suppressing lipid peroxidation caused by ROS, and enhancing overall antioxidant capacity, as shown in Table 2

The findings of another study showed that treatment with AST significantly reduced neuropathic pain by modulating oxidative stress and mitigating astrocytes activation (Sharma et al., 2018)

However, the group receiving both AOD9604 and HA showed the most favorable results, suggesting a potential synergistic interaction

The average increase ranges from 5 to 10 beats per minute, with the highest dose groups seeing the largest changes