4.5.4.1 Study design constraints and causality Most metabolomic studies linking uremic toxins (IS, pCS, PAGln) and BCAAs to DKD employ cross-sectional or case-control designs
Mnard C, Herzog H, Schwarzer C, Quirion R (2014) Possible role of dynorphins in Alzheimers disease and age-related cognitive deficits
Disrupted glucose metabolism in ADRD is closely linked with an inflammatory and neurotoxic milieu, as increased presence of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines reduce expression of glucose transporters, disrupt insulin signalling, and reduce mitochondrial efficiency and function, resulting in impaired transport, uptake, and metabolism of glucose (RojasGutierrez et al., 2017
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(A) Representative graph (mean SEM, n = 3 per time point) of the time-dependent experiment at 37C showed a higher uptake of 2B3-101 compared to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PEG-lipo-DOX), both at a concentration of 450 g/ml HSPC