1 Introduction During the transition period dairy cows have to cope with physiological consequences of calving and also with metabolic consequences of a negative energy balance (NEB) due to high energy requirements for beginning milk production and an inadequate feed intake ( Additionally, in human studies, L-carnitine demonstrated antioxidant functions and modulatory effects on platelet activation ( via interaction with cytoskeletal membrane proteins have been known for some time and were investigated mainly in human erythrocytes in vitro ( ante partum ( ap) , whereas non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) tended to be lower in supplemented cows directly before calving compared to non-supplemented cows ( in vivo plasma NEFA concentration and neutrophil oxidative burst activity in vitro
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