Yamaguchi H, Hsu JL, Chen CT, Wang YN, Hsu MC, Chang SS, et al
Consistency and duration matter more than escalation
Conclusion: In this large real-world cohort, tirzepatide use was associated with a significantly lower 1-year incidence of VTE compared with GLP-1 RAs in patients with obesity, particularly through reductions in PE and all-cause mortality
Critical limitations include: Heterogeneity : Different strains, doses, and formulations make comparisons difficult Small effect sizes : Weight changes are typically modest and may not be clinically significant Short duration : Most studies last 12 weeks or less, providing no data on sustained effects Publication bias : Negative studies may be underreported There is no high-quality evidence that probiotic supplements can replicate the substantial weight loss achieved with prescription medications like semaglutide or tirzepatide
Dopaminergic Mechanisms of Individual Differences in Human Effort-Based Decision-Making