Liraglutide increased the expression of phosphorylated (p)-eNOS and p-AMPK in the glomeruli, downregulated the expression of p-mTOR, increased the renal expression of LC3B-II, activated autophagy, ameliorated DKD kidney injury, and decreased urinary albumin and Liver-type Fatty Acid Binding Protein (L-FABP) levels ( 4.1.5 -lipoic acid (ALA) ALA plays a role as an antioxidant in the mitochondrial dehydrogenase reaction, which improves the antioxidant status and lipid distribution, and reduces inflammation by regulating lipid levels, enhancing the bodys antioxidant capacity, protecting vascular endothelial function, and activating the renal cystathionine gamma-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway to delay DKD (189)
[DOI] [Google Scholar] Nahar K, Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M
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Other peptides that complement tretinoin include Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide) and Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide)