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Table 2 summarises the propensity score matching characteristics

Differences between GLP-1R agonists GLP-1R agonists already in the market and others in development present the same mode of action and, having the same pleiotropic effects of native GLP-1, the differences in clinical profiles between them are related to differences in pharmacokinetics, structure and size of each formulation

cAMP is a major second messenger in the heart where it controls diverse physiological functions such as Ca 2+ homeostasis, myocardial contractility, and cell death as well as regulation of mitochondrial function ( 2 O 2 -induced intracellular ROS production via Epac-dependent pathway and suppressed H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis through both PKA- and Epac-dependent signaling pathways in rat cardiac myocytes ( A possible role of Epac in regulating mitochondrial functions has been described and might be reflected by types and localization of Epac proteins in mitochondria ( Activation of PKA inhibits Akt phosphorylation in cortical neurons, whereas activation of Epac induces Akt phosphorylation mediated through Rap activation emphasizing cAMP/Epac/Akt signaling pathway ( Figure 5 ), suggesting that both PI3K and Akt serve as downstream effectors of Epac-mediated GLP-1R signaling in the heart

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide suppresses peripheral arterial remodeling in male mice