Vitamin B12 deficiency and cognitive impairment: A comprehensive review
What does the REDEFINE 1 trial mean for obesity pharmacotherapy
Due to its primary function of delivering and distributing power throughout the body's cells, NAD can help us regain bodily energy and improve our glucose tolerance
Author(s): 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran 2Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada Published online:Jun 30, 2025 Article type:Review Article Received:May 12, 2025 Accepted:Jun 25, 2025 How to Cite:Abd Nikfarjam B, Hajiaghayi M
Insulin Sensitivity and Beta Cell Function Research revealed improvements in both insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function[13]: Enhanced HOMA-IR scores indicating improved insulin sensitivity Reduced fasting insulin levels despite improved glucose control Preserved or improved beta cell function markers (HOMA-beta, C-peptide) Potential protective effects on pancreatic beta cell mass in preclinical models Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health Research Lipid Profile Improvements Studies documented favorable effects on multiple cardiovascular risk markers[14]: LDL cholesterol reductions of 15-20% observed with GLP3 Triglyceride reductions of 20-30% documented across studies Improved HDL cholesterol levels in some study populations Potential PCSK9 degradation effects through glucagon receptor activation Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Effects Cardiovascular monitoring in clinical trials revealed consistent patterns[15]: Systolic blood pressure reductions of 5-10 mmHg observed with weight loss Diastolic pressure improvements of 3-5 mmHg documented Dose-dependent heart rate increases (5-10 bpm) that peaked at 24 weeks then declined Heart rate changes similar to other GLP-1 receptor agonists Hepatic Steatosis and Liver Health Research Liver Fat Reduction Studies Research in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) models showed remarkable effects[16]: GLP3 achieved 82% relative liver fat reduction after 48 weeks in phase 2a MASLD trials Over 85% of participants achieved resolution of MASLD (liver fat below 5%) Improvements in liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and fibrosis biomarkers documented Potential anti-fibrotic effects through multiple pathway modulation The glucagon receptor component appears particularly relevant for liver fat reduction, as the liver is rich in glucagon receptors but lacks GLP-1 receptors
