To better understand biofilm development and persistence in chronic wounds, Figure 2 illustrates the stages of the biofilm life cycle, including adhesion, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion, as well as host immune responses such as neutrophil recruitment, M1/M2 macrophage polarization, and cytokine signaling (e.g., interleukin-1 beta [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], interleukin-12 [IL-12]), which collectively contribute to immune evasion and chronic infection [40-43]
doi:10.2460/javma.23.02.0067
DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0422-2 3
Additionally, Dihexas robust protection is partially attenuated by co-treatment with inhibitors of the downstream HGF targets Akt, TOR and MEK
Asian J Neurosurg