McKay J, Frantzen K, Vercruyssen N, Hafsi K, Opitz T, Davis A, Murrell W
Indole Indirectly Stimulates Colonic Submucosal Neurons Through the Activation of GLP-1 Receptors (GLP-1Rs) Indole can penetrate the gut barrier (Jaglin et al., 2018), however, our studies found that even if this microbial product did cross the epithelium, cytosolic intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in underlying submucosal neurons, important neural regulators of GI absorpto-secretory function, was unchanged in its presence (1 mM, n = 32 neurons from three SMP preparations, Figure 3A)
Same 0.5 mg dose, but now your vial is 2.5 mg/ml
Anti-Aging Comparison Aging is driven by accumulated cellular damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation
45 Because this study had no control group it is impossible to establish whether the observed benefits were due to a placebo effect